Study Safar Classes

Among eukaryotes, there are many cell organelles which are bound by membrane similar to that of cell membrane,and these are distinct in terms of structure and functionsome membrane bound organelles work together in asystem known as endomembrane system, because their functions are co-ordinated with each other.It comprises a group of membrane bound organelles thatwork together in protein and lipid synthesis; its processing,packaging and transport to their respective locations inside a cell . Endomembrane system includes Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi complex, Lysosomes and Vacuole.

Science can be viewed as a continuing human effort tosystematise knowledge for describing and understandingnature. You have learnt in your previous classes that we come across diverse substances present in nature andchanges in them in daily life. Curd formation from milk,formation ofvinegarfrom sugarcane juiceonkeepingforprolonged time and rusting of iron are some of the examples of changes which we come across many times.For the sake of convenience, science is sub-divided intovariousdisciplines: chemistry, physics, biology, geology,etc. The branch of science that studies thepreparation,properties, structure and reactions of material substances is called chemistry.

The cell theory, a cornerstone of biology, states that all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

an electrochemical device that uses electrical energy to facilitate a non-spontaneous redox reaction.

You can very easily see the structural similarities and variations in the external morphology of the larger living organism, both plants and animals. Similarly, if we were to study the internal structure, one also finds several similarities as well as differences. This chapter introduces you to the internal structure and functional organisation of higher plants. Study of internal structure of plants is called anatomy. Plants have cells as the basic unit, cells are organised into tissues and in turn the tissues are organised into organs. Different organs in a plant show differences in their internal structure. Within angiosperms, the monocots and dicots are also seen to be anatomically different. Internal structures also show adaptations to diverse environments.